The Sumatran rhino is the smallest and most primitive of the five extant species of Rhinocerotidae, is most closely related to the woolly rhino ( Coelodonta antiquitatis) from the Pleistocene ice age, and is distantly related to the other Asian rhinoceros species, the Javan rhino ( Rhinoceros sondaicus) and the Indian rhino ( Rhinoceros unicornis). The year 2014 marked the bicentennial of the scientific description of the Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Fisher 1814), a critically endangered species whose only known wild populations are on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, and in Kalimantan, Indonesia. To reduce the probability of poaching, here we present only the randomized location of site level occupancy in our result while retaining the overall estimation of occupancy for a given area. We summarize our core recommendation in four points: consolidate small population, strong protection, determine the percentage of breeding females, and recognize the cost of doing nothing. Using the probabilities of site occupancy, we developed spatially explicit maps that can be used to outline intensive protection zones for in-situ conservation efforts, and provide a detailed assessment of conserving Sumatran rhinos in the wild. In Bukit Barisan Selatan, occurrence was negatively associated with presence of primary dryland forest and rivers. In Way Kambas, occurrence was negatively associated with the presence of a road. In the Leuser Landscape, rhino occurrence was positively associated with primary dry land forest and rivers, and negatively associated with the presence of a road. In the Leuser Landscape (surveyed in 2007), the model averaging result of conditional occupancy estimate was or 2,371.47 km 2, and the model averaging result of replicated level detection probability in Way Kambas National Park-2008: or 634.18 km 2, and and in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park-2010: or 819.67 km 2, and. Using an occupancy model with spatial dependency, we assessed the fraction of the total landscape occupied by Sumatran rhinos over a 30,345-km 2 survey area and the effects of covariates in the areas where they are known to occur. Assessing population and spatial distribution of this very rare species is challenging because of their elusiveness and very low population number. If you have specific questions or information about content, the website, and applications, please contact us.In the 200 years since the Sumatran rhinoceros was first scientifically described (Fisher 1814), the range of the species has contracted from a broad region in Southeast Asia to three areas on the island of Sumatra and one in Kalimantan, Indonesia. However, Get Archive LLC does not own each component of the compilation displayed and accessible on the PICRYL website and applications. Get Archive LLC is the owner of the compilation of content that is posted on the PICRYL website and applications, which consists of text, images, audio, video, databases, tags, design, codes, and software ("Content"). Get Archive LLC does not charge permission and license fees for use of any of the content on PICRYL, however, upon request, GetArchive can provide rights clearance for content for a fee. GetArchive believes there are no usage restrictions or limitations put on content in the U.S. Permission for use, re-use, or additional use of the content is not required. Get Archive LLC, creator of PICRYL, endeavors to provide information that it possesses on the copyright status of the content and to identify any other terms and conditions that may apply to the use of the content, however, Get Archive LLC offers no guarantee or assurance that all pertinent information is provided, or that the information is correct in each circumstance. PICRYL makes the world's public domain media fun to find and easy to use. PICRYL is an AI-driven search & similarity engine. PICRYL is the largest media source for public domain images, scans, and documents. The World's Largest Public Domain Media Search Engine
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